Which condition involves the surgical repair of a heart defect?

Atrial septal defect (ASD) refers to a congenital heart defect characterized by an opening in the septum that separates the two upper chambers of the heart (the atria). This condition can lead to increased blood flow to the lungs and ultimately result in complications if left untreated.

Surgical repair of an ASD is a common procedure, which can be performed through traditional surgery or minimally invasive techniques. The goal of the surgery is to close the defect and prevent excess blood flow to the lungs, thereby improving the overall function of the heart and reducing the risk of long-term complications such as atrial arrhythmias or right heart failure.

In contrast, the other conditions listed do not typically involve surgical repair for their primary treatment; instead, they may rely on medical management, catheter-based interventions, or other treatments depending on the severity and nature of the disease. This distinction makes atrial septal defect the condition most associated with surgical intervention to correct a defect in the heart's structure.